Situación actual de los anticoagulantes orales de acción directa en atención primaria de España. Posicionamiento de SEMERGEN en 2023 / Current situation of direct oral anticoagulants in primary care in Spain: Positioning of SEMERGEN in 2023

La anticoagulación oral es clave para disminuir el riesgo de ictus en la fibrilación auricular. Aunque clásicamente los antagonistas de la vitaminaK (AVK) se han empleado para este fin, han sido ampliamente superados por los anticoagulantes orales de acción directa (ACOD), como lo demuestran las evidencias provenientes de los ensayos clínicos, estudios de vida real y poblacionales. De hecho, todas las guías de práctica clínica recomiendan su uso de manera preferencial sobre los AVK. Sin embargo, en España la prescripción de los ACOD está subordinada a un visado de inspección que recoge las condiciones clínicas definidas en el Informe de Posicionamiento Terapéutico de la Agencia Española del Medicamento, y que todavía impone importantes restricciones a su uso, limitando los beneficios del empleo de los ACOD en los pacientes con fibrilación auricular (FA), y generando además inequidades entre las diferentes comunidades autónomas. De hecho, el empleo de los ACOD en España es muy inferior a los países de nuestro entorno. Esto ha provocado que en otros países ha disminuido la incidencia de ictus isquémico a nivel poblacional, junto con una reducción del coste por paciente con FA, pero en España este descenso ha sido discreto. Por todo ello, y en aras de la sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario, pedimos la eliminación del visado para que los ACOD se puedan prescribir de acuerdo a las recomendaciones realizadas por las guías. Además, también apostamos por el refuerzo de la formación y de las decisiones consensuadas con el paciente, siendo el médico de familia un actor clave en la protección del paciente con FA.(AU)

Oral anticoagulation is the key to reduce the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Although vitaminK antagonists (VKA) have classically been used for this purpose, they have been largely overcome by direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), as demonstrated by evidence from clinical trials, real-life and population studies. In fact, all clinical practice guidelines recommend their use preferentially over VKA. However, in Spain the prescription of DOAC is subordinated to an inspection visa that includes the clinical conditions defined in the Therapeutic Positioning Report of the Spanish Medicines Agency, and that still imposes important restrictions on their use, limiting the benefits of using DOACs in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and also generating inequalities between the different autonomous communities. In fact, the use of DOAC in Spain is much lower than that observed in neighboring countries. This has made that while in other countries the incidence of ischemic stroke has decreased at the population level, along with a reduction in the cost per patient with AF, in Spain this decrease has been modest. For all these reasons, and for assuring the sustainability of the health care system, we ask for the elimination of the visa so that DOAC can be prescribed according to the recommendations made by the guidelines. In addition, we are also committed to reinforce medical education and decisions made by consensus with the patient, with the primary care physician acquiring a key role in the protection of the patient with AF.(AU)

Evidence on the use of alternative substances and therapies in hypertension / Evidencias sobre el uso de sustancias y terapias alternativas en hipertensión

Objective: Review of some of the best-known biological and non-biological complementary/alternative therapies/medicines (CAM) and their relationship with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HT). Search strategy: Narrative review assessing a recent series of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials published in recent years, focusing on the effects of CAM on BP and HT. Selection of studies: We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, obtaining a total of 4336 articles, finally limiting the search to 181 after applying filters. Synthesis of results: Some studies on biological therapies show some usefulness in BP reduction with an adequate benefit–risk balance, although there is a scarcity of high-quality trials that support these results. Some mind-body therapies have shown hypothetical benefit; in contrast, others lack robust evidence. Conclusions: Although some therapies present a reasonable risk–benefit ratio, they should in no case replace pharmacological treatment when indicated.(AU)

Objetivo: Revisar algunas de las más conocidas terapias/medicinas biológicas y no biológicas complementarias/alternativas (MCA), y su relación con la presión arterial (PA) e hipertensión arterial (HTA). Estrategia de búsqueda: Revisión narrativa en la que se valoraron una serie reciente de revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y ensayos clínicos publicados en los últimos años, centrada en los efectos de la MCA sobre la PA y HTA. Selección de estudios: Se realizaron búsquedas en EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library y Google Scholar, obteniéndose un total de 4.336 artículos, limitándose finalmente a 181 tras aplicar filtros. Síntesis de resultados: Algunos trabajos sobre terapias biológicas parecen demostrar cierta utilidad en reducción de la PA con adecuado balance beneficio/riesgo, aunque existe escasez de ensayos de alta calidad que avalen estos resultados. Algunas terapias cuerpo/mente han mostrado un hipotético beneficio; en cambio, otras carecen de evidencia robusta. Conclusiones: Aunque algunas terapias presentan una relación riesgo/beneficio razonable, no deberían sustituir en ningún caso al tratamiento farmacológico cuando este esté indicado.(AU)

Evidence on the use of alternative substances and therapies in hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: Review of some of the best-known biological and non-biological complementary/alternative therapies/medicines (CAM) and their relationship with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HT). SEARCH STRATEGY: Narrative review assessing a recent series of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and clinical trials published in recent years, focusing on the effects of CAM on BP and HT. SELECTION OF STUDIES: We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar, obtaining a total of 4336 articles, finally limiting the search to 181 after applying filters. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS: Some studies on biological therapies show some usefulness in BP reduction with an adequate benefit-risk balance, although there is a scarcity of high-quality trials that support these results. Some mind-body therapies have shown hypothetical benefit; in contrast, others lack robust evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Although some therapies present a reasonable risk-benefit ratio, they should in no case replace pharmacological treatment when indicated.

[Current situation of direct oral anticoagulants in primary care in Spain: Positioning of SEMERGEN in 2023]. / Situación actual de los anticoagulantes orales de acción directa en atención primaria de España. Posicionamiento de SEMERGEN en 2023.

Oral anticoagulation is the key to reduce the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillation. Although vitaminK antagonists (VKA) have classically been used for this purpose, they have been largely overcome by direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), as demonstrated by evidence from clinical trials, real-life and population studies. In fact, all clinical practice guidelines recommend their use preferentially over VKA. However, in Spain the prescription of DOAC is subordinated to an inspection visa that includes the clinical conditions defined in the Therapeutic Positioning Report of the Spanish Medicines Agency, and that still imposes important restrictions on their use, limiting the benefits of using DOACs in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and also generating inequalities between the different autonomous communities. In fact, the use of DOAC in Spain is much lower than that observed in neighboring countries. This has made that while in other countries the incidence of ischemic stroke has decreased at the population level, along with a reduction in the cost per patient with AF, in Spain this decrease has been modest. For all these reasons, and for assuring the sustainability of the health care system, we ask for the elimination of the visa so that DOAC can be prescribed according to the recommendations made by the guidelines. In addition, we are also committed to reinforce medical education and decisions made by consensus with the patient, with the primary care physician acquiring a key role in the protection of the patient with AF.

[Clinical and practical management of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease]. / Manejo clínico-práctico de los inhibidores del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo 2 en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica.

The discovery of the nephroprotective role of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (iSGLT2) inhibitor drugs in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2) following the results obtained in the respective cardiovascular safety trials led to a change in the approach to diabetic kidney disease in recent years, positioning this group in the first step in the treatment of this comorbidity. The publication of the results of the DAPA-CKD study with dapagliflozin, demonstrating its benefit in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with and without DM, has opened a new age in the management of this pathology. These drugs are also safe and easy to use for the clinician. This article reviews the management of iSGLT2 in patients with diabetic and non-diabetic CKD.

Los péptidos natriuréticos en el diagnóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca en atención primaria / The natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of heart failure in primary care setting

La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un síndrome clínico que se caracteriza por síntomas y signos causados por anomalías estructurales y/o funcionales del corazón que provocan una reducción en el gasto cardíaco y/o elevación de las presiones intracardíacas en reposo o durante el ejercicio. Su prevalencia y su incidencia están aumentando y constituye la primera causa de hospitalización en mayores de 65años. Las nuevas guías europeas y americanas para el manejo de la IC destacan que la medición de las concentraciones de péptidos natriuréticos (PN) constituye una piedra angular del manejo diagnóstico de la IC, y que la anamnesis, la exploración física, el electrocardiograma y la radiografía de tórax completan el inicio del proceso diagnóstico de la IC. Todas estas acciones y pruebas diagnósticas son susceptibles de realizarlas y solicitarlas desde la consulta del médico de familia. Los autores del presente documento, en nombre del Grupo de Trabajo de Hipertensión Arterial y Enfermedad Cardiovascular de SEMERGEN, han revisado la evidencia científica más reciente relacionada con el manejo diagnóstico de los PN en los pacientes con IC en el ámbito de la atención primaria (AU)

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs caused by structural and/or functional abnormalities of the heart that cause reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during exercise. Its prevalence and incidence are increasing and it is the leading cause of hospitalization in people over 65years of age. The new American and European guidelines for the management of HF emphasize that the measurement of natriuretic peptide (NP) concentrations constitutes a cornerstone of the diagnostic management of HF, and that the history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest X-ray, complete the beginning of the HF diagnostic process. All these actions and diagnostic tests can be performed and requested from the primary care office. The authors of this document, on behalf of the SEMERGEN Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Working Group, have reviewed the most recent scientific evidence related to the preventive diagnostic management of NP in patients with HF in primary care setting (AU)

[The natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of heart failure in primary care setting]. / Los péptidos natriuréticos en el diagnóstico de la insuficiencia cardíaca en atención primaria.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs caused by structural and/or functional abnormalities of the heart that cause reduced cardiac output and/or elevated intracardiac pressures at rest or during exercise. Its prevalence and incidence are increasing and it is the leading cause of hospitalization in people over 65years of age. The new American and European guidelines for the management of HF emphasize that the measurement of natriuretic peptide (NP) concentrations constitutes a cornerstone of the diagnostic management of HF, and that the history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and chest X-ray, complete the beginning of the HF diagnostic process. All these actions and diagnostic tests can be performed and requested from the primary care office. The authors of this document, on behalf of the SEMERGEN Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Working Group, have reviewed the most recent scientific evidence related to the preventive diagnostic management of NP in patients with HF in primary care setting.

Factores asociados al control óptimo simultáneo de la diabetes, hipertensión arterial e hipercolesterolemia en la población diabética. Estudio BPC diabetes / Factors associated with the optimum simultaneous control of diabetes, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in the diabetic population. BPC Diabetes study

Objetivos: Conocer el grado de control óptimo simultáneo de la diabetes (DM), hipertensión arterial (HTA) e hipercolesterolemia y determinar los factores asociados. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes diabéticos de 18 o más de edad, seleccionados consecutivamente en consultas de medicina de familia (MF). Los datos de los pacientes se obtuvieron mediante acceso a la historia informatizada, registrándose variables clínicas y analíticas de interés. Se consideró buen control metabólico una HbA1c < 7%, buen control de la presión arterial (PA) valores < 140/80 mmHg y buen control de colesterol LDL (c-LDL) valores < 100 mg/dL. Se realizó análisis bivariante y se calcularon odds ratio (OD) en un modelo de regresión logística. El estudio fue aprobado por el CEIm del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (Madrid). Resultados: Se incluyó a 1.420 pacientes (55,8% varones), con una edad media (DE) de 70,6 (10,8) años. El 75,9% eran hipertensos y el 69,1% dislipémicos. Los valores de HbA1c fueron de 6,9 (1,2) %, PA sistólica 135,0 (16,8) mmHg, PA diastólica 75,9 (10,6) mmHg y LDL-colesterol 93,7 (32,8) mg/dL. El buen control metabólico de la DM se alcanzó en el 63% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 60,4-65,5), el buen control de la HTA en el 42,6% (IC 95%: 40,0-45,2) y el buen control de colesterol LDL en el 61,1% (IC 95%: 58,4-63,7) de los pacientes. El buen control de los tres factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) simultáneamente se alcanzó en el 16,1% (IC 95%: 14,2-18,1). Se observó una asociación positiva e independiente (p < 0,05) entre el buen control simultáneo de los FRCV con la edad (OR: 1.017) y los antecedentes personales de enfermedad cardiovascular (OR: 1.596). Conclusiones: Los resultados de nuestro estudio indican que una proporción pequeña, menos de dos de cada 10 pacientes cumplen los objetivos de buen control recomendados por las guías de práctica clínica (AU)

Objectives: To know the degree of simultaneous optimal control of diabetes (DM), high blood pressure (BP) and hypercholesterolemia and determine the associated factors. Material and method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in diabetic patients 18 years aged or older selected consecutively in primary care centers (PC). Patient data were obtained through access to electronical clinical history. Clinical and analytical variables of interest were registered. Good metabolic control was considered as HbA1c < 7%, good blood pressure control (PA) as values < 140/80 mmHg and good LDL cholesterol control (c-LDL) as values < 100 mg/dL. Bivariate analysis was performed and odds ratio were calculated in a logistic regression model. The study was approved by the San Carlos Clinical Hospital's Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CREC), in Madrid. Results: 1420 patients (55.8% male), with an average (SD) age of 70.6 (10.8) years were included. 75.9% were hypertensive patients, and 69.1% dyslipemic. HbA1c values were 6.9 (1.2) %, sistolic BP 135.0 (16.8) mmHg, diastolic BP 75.9 (10.6) mmHg and LDL-cholesterol 93.7 (32.8) mg/dL. Good metabolic control of DM was achieved at 63.0% (95% CI: 60.4–65.5), good control of HTA at 42.6% (95% CI: 40.0–45.2) and good LDL cholesterol control in 61.1% (95% IC: 58.4–63.7) of patients. Good simultaneous control of the three cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) was reached at 16.1% (95% CI: 14.2–18.1). A positive and independent association (p<0.05) was observed between good simultaneous control of CVRF with age (OR: 1.017) and with personal history of cardiovascular disease (OR: 1.596). Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that a small proportion, less than two out of 10 patients, meet the good control goals recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We found important differences between patients with and without cardiovascular disease (AU)

Evaluation of prophylaxis in primary prevention with acetylsalicylic acid in people with diabetes: A scoping review

Background: The efficacy and safety of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) prophylaxis for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) remain controversial in people with diabetes (DM) without ACVD, because the possible increased risk of major bleeding could outweigh the potential reduction in the risk of mortality and of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) considered individually or together. Objective: To evaluate the overall risk-benefit of ASA prophylaxis in primary prevention in people with DM and to compare the recommendations of the guidelines with the results of the meta-analyses (MA) and systematic reviews (SR). Material and methods: We searched Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for SR and MA published from 2009 to 2020 which compared the effects of ASA prophylaxis versus placebo or control followed up for at least one year in people with DM without ACVD. Heterogeneity among the randomized clinical trials (RCT) included in the SR and MA was assessed. Cardiovascular outcomes of efficacy (all-cause mortality [ACM], cardiovascular mortality [CVM], myocardial infarction [MI], stroke and MACE) and of safety (major bleeding events [MBE], major gastrointestinal bleeding events [MGIBE], and intracranial and extracranial bleeding) were shown. Results: The recommendations of 12 guidelines were evaluated. The results of 25 SR and MA that included a total of 20 RCT were assessed. None of the MA or SR showed that ASA prophylaxis decreased the risk of ACM, CVM or MI. Only two of the 19 SR and MA that evaluated ischemic stroke showed a decrease in the stroke risk (mean 20.0% [SD±5.7]), bordering on statistical significance. Almost half of the MA and SR showed, bordering on statistical significance, a risk reduction for the MACE composite endpoint (mean 10.5% [SD±3.3]). The significant increases in MGIBE risk ranged from 35% to 55% (AU)

Antecedentes: La eficacia y la seguridad de la profilaxis con ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) para la prevención primaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular arteriosclerótica (ECVA) siguen siendo controvertidas en personas con diabetes (DM) sin ECVA, ya que el posible aumento del riesgo de hemorragias graves podría superar la posible disminución del riesgo de mortalidad y de los principales episodios adversos cardiovasculares (MACE) considerados individualmente o en conjunto. Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo-beneficio de la profilaxis con AAS en prevención primaria en personas con DM y comparar las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica con los resultados de los metaanálisis (MA) y revisiones sistemáticas (RS). Material y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en Medline, Google Scholar, Embase y Biblioteca Cochrane de RS y MA publicados desde 2009 hasta 2020 que compararan los efectos de AAS versus placebo o control en seguimiento durante al menos un año en personas con DM sin ECVA. Se valoraron la heterogeneidad entre los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) incluidos en las RS y MA. Se mostraron los resultados cardiovasculares de eficacia (muerte por cualquier causa [MCC], muerte cardiovascular [MCV], infarto de miocardio [IM], ictus y MACE) y de seguridad (episodios hemorrágicos importantes [EHI], episodios hemorrágicos gastrointestinales importantes [EHGI], hemorragias intracraneales y extracraneales). Resultados: Se valoraron las recomendaciones de 12 guías de práctica clínica. Se evaluaron los resultados de 25 RS y MA que incluyeron un total de 20ECA. Ningún MA ni RS mostró que la profilaxis con AAS disminuyera el riesgo de MCC, MCV o IM. Solo dos de los 19 SR y MA que evaluaron el ictus isquémico mostraron una disminución en el riesgo de ictus (media 20,0% [DE±5,7]), rozando la significación estadística (AU)

Posicionamiento SEMERGEN en el abordaje de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica en atención primaria / SEMERGEN positioning on approaching chronic heart failure in primary care

La insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) es un problema de salud pública que genera una gran carga asistencial tanto hospitalaria como en atención primaria (AP). La publicación de numerosos estudios sobre IC durante los últimos años ha supuesto un cambio de paradigma en el abordaje de este síndrome, en el que la labor de los equipos de AP va adquiriendo un protagonismo mayor. Las recientes guías publicadas por la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología han introducido cambios fundamentalmente en el manejo del paciente con IC. La nueva estrategia propuesta, con fármacos que reducen las hospitalizaciones y frenen la progresión de la enfermedad, debe ser ya una prioridad para todos los profesionales implicados. En este documento de posicionamiento se analiza una propuesta de abordaje basada en equipos multidisciplinares con el liderazgo de los médicos de familia, clave para proporcionar una atención de calidad a lo largo de todo el proceso de la enfermedad, desde su prevención hasta el final de la vida (AU)

Heart failure (HF) is a public health problem that generates a large healthcare burden both in hospitals and in Primary Care (PC). The publication of numerous studies about HF in recent years has led to a paradigm shift in the approach to this syndrome, in which the work of PC teams is gaining greater prominence. The recent guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology have fundamentally introduced changes in the management of patients with HF. The new proposed strategy, with drugs that reduce hospitalizations and slow the progression of the disease, should now be a priority for all professionals involved. This position document analyzes a proposal for an approach based on multidisciplinary teams with the leadership of family doctors, key to providing quality care throughout the entire process of the disease, from its prevention to the end of the life (AU)

Evaluation of prophylaxis in primary prevention with acetylsalicylic acid in people with diabetes: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) prophylaxis for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) remain controversial in people with diabetes (DM) without ACVD, because the possible increased risk of major bleeding could outweigh the potential reduction in the risk of mortality and of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) considered individually or together. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall risk-benefit of ASA prophylaxis in primary prevention in people with DM and to compare the recommendations of the guidelines with the results of the meta-analyses (MA) and systematic reviews (SR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for SR and MA published from 2009 to 2020 which compared the effects of ASA prophylaxis versus placebo or control followed up for at least one year in people with DM without ACVD. Heterogeneity among the randomized clinical trials (RCT) included in the SR and MA was assessed. Cardiovascular outcomes of efficacy (all-cause mortality [ACM], cardiovascular mortality [CVM], myocardial infarction [MI], stroke and MACE) and of safety (major bleeding events [MBE], major gastrointestinal bleeding events [MGIBE], and intracranial and extracranial bleeding) were shown. RESULTS: The recommendations of 12 guidelines were evaluated. The results of 25 SR and MA that included a total of 20 RCT were assessed. None of the MA or SR showed that ASA prophylaxis decreased the risk of ACM, CVM or MI. Only two of the 19 SR and MA that evaluated ischemic stroke showed a decrease in the stroke risk (mean 20.0% [SD±5.7]), bordering on statistical significance. Almost half of the MA and SR showed, bordering on statistical significance, a risk reduction for the MACE composite endpoint (mean 10.5% [SD±3.3]). The significant increases in MGIBE risk ranged from 35% to 55%. The significant increases in the risk of MBE and extracraneal bleeding were 33.4% (SD±14.9) and 54.5% (SD±0.7) respectively. CONCLUSION: The overall risk-benefit assessment of ASA prophylaxis in primary prevention suggests that it should not be applied in people with DM.

[SEMERGEN positioning on approaching chronic heart failure in primary care]. / Posicionamiento SEMERGEN en el abordaje de la insuficiencia cardíaca crónica en atención primaria.

Heart failure (HF) is a public health problem that generates a large healthcare burden both in hospitals and in Primary Care (PC). The publication of numerous studies about HF in recent years has led to a paradigm shift in the approach to this syndrome, in which the work of PC teams is gaining greater prominence. The recent guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology have fundamentally introduced changes in the management of patients with HF. The new proposed strategy, with drugs that reduce hospitalizations and slow the progression of the disease, should now be a priority for all professionals involved. This position document analyzes a proposal for an approach based on multidisciplinary teams with the leadership of family doctors, key to providing quality care throughout the entire process of the disease, from its prevention to the end of the life.

[Factors associated with the optimum simultaneous control of diabetes, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in the diabetic population. BPC Diabetes study]. / Factores asociados al control óptimo simultáneo de la diabetes, hipertensión arterial e hipercolesterolemia en la población diabética. Estudio BPC diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To know the degree of simultaneous optimal control of diabetes (DM), high blood pressure (BP) and hypercholesterolemia and determine the associated factors. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study in diabetic patients 18 years aged or older selected consecutively in primary care centers (PC). Patient data were obtained through access to electronical clinical history. Clinical and analytical variables of interest were registered. Good metabolic control was considered as HbA1c < 7%, good blood pressure control (PA) as values < 140/80 mmHg and good LDL cholesterol control (c-LDL) as values < 100 mg/dL. Bivariate analysis was performed and odds ratio were calculated in a logistic regression model. The study was approved by the San Carlos Clinical Hospital's Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CREC), in Madrid. RESULTS: 1420 patients (55.8% male), with an average (SD) age of 70.6 (10.8) years were included. 75.9% were hypertensive patients, and 69.1% dyslipemic. HbA1c values were 6.9 (1.2) %, sistolic BP 135.0 (16.8) mmHg, diastolic BP 75.9 (10.6) mmHg and LDL-cholesterol 93.7 (32.8) mg/dL. Good metabolic control of DM was achieved at 63.0% (95% CI: 60.4-65.5), good control of HTA at 42.6% (95% CI: 40.0-45.2) and good LDL cholesterol control in 61.1% (95% IC: 58.4-63.7) of patients. Good simultaneous control of the three cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) was reached at 16.1% (95% CI: 14.2-18.1). A positive and independent association (p<0.05) was observed between good simultaneous control of CVRF with age (OR: 1.017) and with personal history of cardiovascular disease (OR: 1.596). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that a small proportion, less than two out of 10 patients, meet the good control goals recommended by clinical practice guidelines. We found important differences between patients with and without cardiovascular disease.

Análisis del grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las complicaciones crónicas vasculares en la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria / Analysis of the level of compliance to the clinical practice guidelines recommendations for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic vascular complications in type 2 diabetes in Primary Care

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica (GPC) en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las principales complicaciones crónicas vasculares de los pacientes con diabetes tipo2 (DM2) en atención primaria (AP). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo en pacientes de 18 o más años de edad seleccionados consecutivamente a medida que acudieron a la consulta en AP. Los datos de los pacientes se obtuvieron mediante acceso a la historia informatizada, registrándose variables clínicas y analíticas de interés. Se consideró adecuada la determinación y el registro de microalbuminuria (MALB), filtrado glomerular (FG), exploración pies (palpación pulsos, monofilamento o diapasón) y electrocardiograma (ECG) si habían sido realizados de manera anual, y del fondo de ojo (FO) cada dos años. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 1.420 pacientes (55,8% varones), con una edad media (DE) de 70,6 (10,8) años y una media de 9,3 (6,2) años de evolución de su diabetes. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) medio (kg/m2) fue de 30,1 (5,4) en mujeres y de 29,5 (4,7) en varones (p = 0,023) y la HbA1c (%), de 6,9 (1,2). El buen control metabólico de la DM se alcanzó en el 63,0% (IC95%: 60,4-65,5). Tenían realizado FO en los dos últimos años 976 pacientes (68,7%; IC95%: 66,2-71,1). La MALB se había realizado a 1.228 pacientes (86,5%; IC95%: 84,6-88,2), el FG estimado a 1.391 (98,0%; IC95%: 97,1-98,6), la exploración de los pulsos del pie a 626 (44,1%; IC95%: 41,5-46,7) y la exploración neurológica a 473 (33,3%; IC95%: 30,8-35,8). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de nuestro estudio indican que en una proporción importante de los pacientes con DM2 no se explora la presencia de retinopatía ni de neuropatía. A siete de cada diez pacientes se les ha cribado de retinopatía, uno de cada tres tiene realizada exploración neurológica y uno de cada cuatro tiene realizadas todas las exploraciones recomendadas por las GPC

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of compliance to the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) recommendations for the diagnosis and monitoring of the main chronic vascular complications of patients with type2 diabetes (DM2) in Primary Care (PC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on patients aged 18years and over and consecutively selected in PC. Patient data were obtained by direct interview and access to the computerised history, and recording the clinical and analytical variables of interest. The determination and recording of urine microalbumin (MALB), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), foot examination (pulse palpation, monofilament or tuning fork), and electrocardiogram (ECG), if performed annually, and the eye fundus (FO) every two years. RESULTS: A total of 1,420 patients were included, of which 55.8% were male. The mean age (SD) was 70.6 (10.8) years and the mean onset of the diabetes was 9.3 (6.2) years. The mean BMI (kg /m2) was 30.1 (5.4) in females and 29.5 (4.7) in males (P=.023), and a mean HbA1c (%) of 6.9 (1.2). Good metabolic control of DM was achieved in 63.0% (95%CI: 60.4-65.5). In the last two years, 976 (68.7%; 95%CI: 66.2-71.1) patients had an eye fundus examination. The urine microalbumin had been performed on 1,228 patients (86.5%; 95%CI: 84.6-88.2). The mean glomerular filtration rate was performed on 1,391 patients (98.0%; 95%CI: 97.1-98.6), the foot pulses examination on 626 (44.1%; 95%CI: 41.5-46.7), and the neurological examination on 473 patients (33.3%; 95%CI: 30.8-35.8). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that the presence of retinopathy or neuropathy is not explored in a significant percentage of patients with DM2. Only seven out of ten patients have been screened for retinopathy, one in three had a neurological examination, and only one in four have all the scans recommended by the CPG

[Analysis of the level of compliance to the clinical practice guidelines recommendations for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic vascular complications in type2 diabetes in Primary Care]. / Análisis del grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las complicaciones crónicas vasculares en la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of compliance to the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) recommendations for the diagnosis and monitoring of the main chronic vascular complications of patients with type2 diabetes (DM2) in Primary Care (PC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on patients aged 18years and over and consecutively selected in PC. Patient data were obtained by direct interview and access to the computerised history, and recording the clinical and analytical variables of interest. The determination and recording of urine microalbumin (MALB), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), foot examination (pulse palpation, monofilament or tuning fork), and electrocardiogram (ECG), if performed annually, and the eye fundus (FO) every two years. RESULTS: A total of 1,420 patients were included, of which 55.8% were male. The mean age (SD) was 70.6 (10.8) years and the mean onset of the diabetes was 9.3 (6.2) years. The mean BMI (kg /m2) was 30.1 (5.4) in females and 29.5 (4.7) in males (P=.023), and a mean HbA1c (%) of 6.9 (1.2). Good metabolic control of DM was achieved in 63.0% (95%CI: 60.4-65.5). In the last two years, 976 (68.7%; 95%CI: 66.2-71.1) patients had an eye fundus examination. The urine microalbumin had been performed on 1,228 patients (86.5%; 95%CI: 84.6-88.2). The mean glomerular filtration rate was performed on 1,391 patients (98.0%; 95%CI: 97.1-98.6), the foot pulses examination on 626 (44.1%; 95%CI: 41.5-46.7), and the neurological examination on 473 patients (33.3%; 95%CI: 30.8-35.8). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that the presence of retinopathy or neuropathy is not explored in a significant percentage of patients with DM2. Only seven out of ten patients have been screened for retinopathy, one in three had a neurological examination, and only one in four have all the scans recommended by the CPG.

Riesgo de caídas y consumo de fármacos en los pacientes mayores de 65 años. Estudio PYCAF / Risk of falls and drug use in patients over 65 years of age. The PYCAF study

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el riesgo de caídas y su relación con el policonsumo de fármacos en ancianos no institucionalizados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El estudio PYCAF (Prevalencia Y Características del Anciano Frágil) es un estudio transversal, descriptivo y multicéntrico en pacientes > 65 años. Se consideró riesgo elevado de caídas cuando se tardó más de 20 s en realizar el test Timed Up and Go. Se consideró polimedicación el consumo entre 5 y 9 fármacos, y polimedicación extrema (PE) el consumo de 10 o más fármacos. Mediante modelos de regresión logística ajustados se valoró la asociación de la polimedicación y la PE con el riesgo de caídas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 2.461 pacientes (57,9% mujeres), edad media +/- desviación estándar 76,0 +/- 7,0 años. El consumo medio de medicamentos fue de 6,6 +/- 3,7, rango 0-23. La polimedicación estaba presente en el 50,6% y la PE en el 19,2% de los pacientes. El 13,7% de los pacientes presentaron elevado riesgo de caídas. La prevalencia de riesgo elevado de caídas fue más de 2veces superior en los pacientes con PE (ORa = 2,07; IC del 95%, 1,27-3,38) y polimedicados (ORa =1,95; IC del 95%, 1,26-2,99). CONCLUSIONES: La polimedicación y la PE se asocian con un elevado riesgo de caídas en pacientes de más de 65 años. Debe valorarse el riesgo de caídas de los pacientes ancianos antes de prescribir medicación

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of falls and its relationship with the multiple drug use in the non-institutionalised elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PYCAF study (Prevalence and Characteristics of the Fragile Elderly) is a cross-sectional, descriptive and multicentre study in patients> 65 years of age. A fall was considered high risk when it took more than 20seconds to perform the Timed Up and Go test. Consuming between 5 and 9 drugs is considered multiple drug (MD) use, and extreme multiple drug (EMD) use the consumption of 10 or more drugs. Adjusted logistic regression models evaluated the association between multiple drug use and EMD and the risk of falls. RESULTS: A total of 2,461 patients (57.9% women), with a mean age (SD) 76.0 (+/- 7.0) years, were included in the study. The mean consumption of medications was 6.6 +/- 3.7, range 0-23. Multiple drug use was present in 50.6%, and EMD in 19.2% of patients. A high risk of falls was observed in 13.7% of patients. The prevalence of high risk of falls was more than 2times higher in patients with EMD (ORa = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.27 - 3.38) and MD (ORa = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.26 - 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: MD and EMD are associated with a high risk of falls in patients over 65 years of age. The risk of falls in elderly patients should be assessed before prescribing medication

Características clínicas y sociosanitarias en mayores de 65 años asistidos en atención primaria. Estudio PYCAF / Clinical and socio-sanitary characteristics in adults older than 65 years attended in the Primary Care setting. The PYCAF study

OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas y sociosanitarias de los pacientes mayores de 65 años atendidos en consultas de atención primaria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El estudio PYCAF (Prevalencia Y Características del Anciano Frágil) es un estudio descriptivo, transversal y multicéntrico. Se incluyeron de manera consecutiva sujetos mayores de 65 años, atendidos en las consultas de atención primaria de toda España en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron un total de 2.461 pacientes (edad media de 76,0+/-6,9 años; 57,9% mujeres). La coexistencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y comorbilidades fue frecuente, siendo las más prevalentes: hipertensión arterial (73,7%), dislipidemia (58,3%), artrosis (56,4%), obesidad (34,0%) y diabetes (28,9%). El 13,4% de los pacientes tenían algún grado de deterioro cognitivo. Las mujeres mostraron un mayor grado de fragilidad (61,0% vs.51,8%; p < 0,001). El 47,4% de los pacientes tomaban más de 6 fármacos, siendo mayor el consumo en las mujeres (44,2% vs.49,8%; p = 0,047). El 49,5% de los pacientes realizaron más de 10 visitas a atención primaria, el 25,9% 4 o más visitas a atención especializada y un 22,3% estuvieron ingresados en el último año. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio PYCAF nos muestra que los pacientes ancianos tienen mayor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas cardiovasculares y no cardiovasculares, lo que conduce a una elevada polimedicación. Esta última tiene consecuencias tanto en la seguridad del paciente como en los costes directos e indirectos sobre el Sistema Nacional de Salud que emanan de la asistencia al paciente mayor de 65 años. La prevalencia de fragilidad alcanza a la mitad de la muestra

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and socio-sanitary characteristics of adults older than 65 years attended in a Primary Care setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PYCAF study (Prevalence and Characteristics of the Fragile Elderly) is a descriptive, cross-sectional and multicentre study, in which patients older than 65 years attended in clinical practice in Primary Care in Spain were consecutively included. RESULTS: A total of 2,461 patients (mean age 76.0+/-6.9 years, 57.9% women) were included in the study. The coexistence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities was frequent, with arterial hypertension (73.7%) being the most prevalent, followed by dyslipidaemia (58.3%), arthrosis (56.4%), obesity (34.0%), and diabetes (28.9%). Some degree of cognitive impairment was observed in 13.4% of patients. Women had higher rates of frailty (61.0% vs.51.8%; P<.001). Just under half (47.4%) of subjects were taking more than 6 drugs, with the prescription being higher in women (44.2% vs.49.8%; P=.047). Just under half (49.5%) of patients made more than 10 visits to Primary Care, 25.9% of patients 4 or more visits to the specialist, and 22.3% of patients were admitted to hospital in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: The PYCAF study shows that elderly patients have a higher prevalence of chronic cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases, which leads to high polypharmacy. The latter has consequences both on patient safety and on the direct and indirect costs of the National Health System that emanate from the care of patients over 65 years of age. Half the sample has fragility

[Risk of falls and drug use in patients over 65 years of age. The PYCAF study]. / Riesgo de caídas y consumo de fármacos en los pacientes mayores de 65 años. Estudio PYCAF.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of falls and its relationship with the multiple drug use in the non-institutionalised elderly. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PYCAF study (Prevalence and Characteristics of the Fragile Elderly) is a cross-sectional, descriptive and multicentre study in patients> 65 years of age. A fall was considered high risk when it took more than 20seconds to perform the Timed Up and Go test. Consuming between 5 and 9 drugs is considered multiple drug (MD) use, and extreme multiple drug (EMD) use the consumption of 10 or more drugs. Adjusted logistic regression models evaluated the association between multiple drug use and EMD and the risk of falls. RESULTS: A total of 2,461 patients (57.9% women), with a mean age (SD) 76.0 (± 7.0) years, were included in the study. The mean consumption of medications was 6.6 ± 3.7, range 0-23. Multiple drug use was present in 50.6%, and EMD in 19.2% of patients. A high risk of falls was observed in 13.7% of patients. The prevalence of high risk of falls was more than 2times higher in patients with EMD (ORa = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.27 - 3.38) and MD (ORa = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.26 - 2.99). CONCLUSIONS: MD and EMD are associated with a high risk of falls in patients over 65 years of age. The risk of falls in elderly patients should be assessed before prescribing medication.

[Clinical and socio-sanitary characteristics in adults older than 65 years attended in the Primary Care setting. The PYCAF study]. / Características clínicas y sociosanitarias en mayores de 65 años asistidos en atención primaria. Estudio PYCAF.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and socio-sanitary characteristics of adults older than 65 years attended in a Primary Care setting. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The PYCAF study (Prevalence and Characteristics of the Fragile Elderly) is a descriptive, cross-sectional and multicentre study, in which patients older than 65 years attended in clinical practice in Primary Care in Spain were consecutively included. RESULTS: A total of 2,461 patients (mean age 76.0±6.9 years, 57.9% women) were included in the study. The coexistence of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities was frequent, with arterial hypertension (73.7%) being the most prevalent, followed by dyslipidaemia (58.3%), arthrosis (56.4%), obesity (34.0%), and diabetes (28.9%). Some degree of cognitive impairment was observed in 13.4% of patients. Women had higher rates of frailty (61.0% vs. 51.8%; P<.001). Just under half (47.4%) of subjects were taking more than 6 drugs, with the prescription being higher in women (44.2% vs. 49.8%; P=.047). Just under half (49.5%) of patients made more than 10 visits to Primary Care, 25.9% of patients 4 or more visits to the specialist, and 22.3% of patients were admitted to hospital in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: The PYCAF study shows that elderly patients have a higher prevalence of chronic cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases, which leads to high polypharmacy. The latter has consequences both on patient safety and on the direct and indirect costs of the National Health System that emanate from the care of patients over 65 years of age. Half the sample has fragility.